Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
The British and German custom was to have the windows opening outward. A medieval English example exists at the Falstaff Inn, Canterbury, Kent, Eng., with casement windows below fixed windows, or lights, all composed of small leaded panes. The French casement commonly has two meeting leaves that open inward, requiring careful craftsmanship to prevent weather from penetrating them. These French...
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