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...pursued by Marcus during the troubling involvements of his reign, though not what would have been historically most valuable, his day-to-day political thoughts, can be acquired by reading the Meditations. To what extent he intended them for eyes other than his own is uncertain; they are fragmentary notes, discursive and epigrammatic by turn, of his reflections in the midst of...
...against the frontiers, anticipating those that were later to bring about the disintegration of the empire. Marcus himself was a stoic philosopher; his humanistic, if somewhat pessimistic, Meditations reveal how conscientiously he took his duties. Duty called him to war; he responded to the call and spent far more of his reign in the field than had any previous emperor.
In ad 106 it became the capital of the province of Upper Pannonia. Here the emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote the second book of his Meditations during his campaign against the Marcomanni (172–174). The flourishing town was destroyed by the Marcomanni, but was soon rebuilt and had regained its prosperity by the early 3rd century under Septimius Severus. The Conference of the...
In prose these centuries have somewhat more to boast, though the greatest work by a Roman was written in Greek, the Meditations of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Elocutio novella, a blend of archaisms and colloquial speech, is seen to best advantage in Apuleius (born about 125). Other writers of note were Aulus Gellius and Macrobius. The 4th century ad was the age of the...
...Moral Essays) and Epistulae morales (Moral Letters) of Seneca reinforce the new direction in Stoic thought. The Encheiridion (Manual) of Epictetus and the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius furthered the sublime and yet personal consolation of the Stoic message and increasingly showed the strength of its rivalry to the burgeoning power of the new...
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