A long period of darkness separates the Middle and Neo-Elamite periods. In 742 bc a certain Huban-Nugash is mentioned as king in Elam. The land appears to have been divided into separate principalities, with the central power fairly weak. During the next century the Elamites constantly attempted to interfere in Mesopotamian affairs, usually in alliance with Babylon, against the constant pressure of Neo-Assyrian expansion. At times they were successful with this policy, both militarily and diplomatically, but on the whole they were forced to give way to increasing Assyrian power. Local Elamite dynastic troubles were from time to time compounded by both Assyrian and Babylonian interference. Meanwhile the Assyrian army whittled away at Elamite power and influence in Luristan. In time these internal and external pressures produced a near total collapse of any meaningful central authority in Elam. In an effort to clean up a political and diplomatic mess that had become a chronic headache for the Assyrians, Ashurbanipal’s armies mounted a series of campaigns between 692 and 639 bc that utterly destroyed Susa, pulling down buildings, looting, and sowing the land of Elam with salt.
The-Achaemenian-Empire-in-the-6th-and-5th-centuries-BCThe Achaemenian Empire in the 6th and 5th centuries bc.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
Armenian-tribute-bearer-carrying-a-jar-decorated-with-winged-griffinsArmenian tribute bearer carrying a jar decorated with winged griffins, detail of relief sculpture …[Credits : Michael Roaf]
The-Parthian-empire-in-the-1st-century-BCThe Parthian empire in the 1st century bc.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
The-Sasanian-empire-at-the-time-of-Shapur-IThe Sāsānian empire at the time of Shāpūr I.[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]
The-surrender-of-the-emperor-Valerian-to-the-Persian-kingThe surrender of the emperor Valerian to the Persian king Shāpūr, rock relief, ad …[Credits : Roger-Viollet]
Khosrow-II-coin-AD-590-628-in-the-collection-ofKhosrow II, coin, ad 590–628; in the collection of the American Numismatic Society.[Credits : Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society]
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