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  • Fargo (film by Joel and Ethan Coen [1996])
    ...a decade earlier by the brothers and director Sam Raimi, the project boasted an all-star cast that included Paul Newman and Tim Robbins, but it was a critical and financial flop. Fargo (1996) marked a return to both small-budget, independent filmmaking and the brothers’ Minnesota roots. The film—a dark comedy that revolves around a botched kidnapping and t...
  • Fargo (North Dakota, United States)
    city, seat (1873) of Cass county, southeastern North Dakota, U.S. It lies on the Red River of the North, opposite Moorhead, Minnesota, and is North Dakota’s largest city. Founded in 1871 by the Northern Pacific Railway at its crossing point on the river, Fargo served as an outfitting post for settlers with its rail ...
  • Fargo, James Congdell (American businessman)
    On Fargo’s death in 1881, his younger brother, James Congdell Fargo (1829–1915), became president and guided the company for the next 33 years, introducing such innovations as the American Express Money Order (1882) and the American Express Travelers Cheque (1891), and opening the first European office in Paris (1895). International expansion continued with the opening of offices in ...
  • Fargo, William George (American businessman)
    pioneer American businessman, one of the founders of Wells, Fargo & Company....
  • Fargue, Léon-Paul (French poet and essayist)
    French poet and essayist whose work spanned numerous literary movements....
  • Faria, Almeida (Portuguese novelist)
    ...J. Cardoso Pires based Balada da praia dos cães (1982; Ballad of Dogs’ Beach) on the account of a political assassination. The novels that constitute Almeida Faria’s Tetralogia lusitana (“Lusitanian Tetrology”), published from 1965 to 1983, explore the internal tensions experienced by rural families caught between the end...
  • Fāriʿah, Tall al- (ancient city, Palestine)
    ancient site in northern Palestine, located near the head of the Wādī al-Fāriʿah northeast of Nābulus in Israeli-occupied Jordan. Excavations at the site, spon sored since 1946 by the Dominican École Biblique de St. Étienne in Jerusalem, have revealed that occupation began during the Chalcolithic Age (c. 4000–c. 3000 b...
  • Faribault (Minnesota, United States)
    city, seat of Rice county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Cannon and Straight rivers, in a mixed-farming and lake area, about 50 miles (80 km) south of Minneapolis. Fur trader Alexander Faribault arrived in the region in 1826 and set up a trading post at the city site in 1835. In 1852 Faribault founded the town, which was laid ou...
  • Farīd al-Dīn Abū Ḥamīd Muḥammad (Persian poet)
    Persian poet who was one of the greatest Muslim mystical writers and thinkers, composing at least 45,000 distichs (couplets) and many brilliant prose works....
  • Farīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ʿAṭṭār (Persian poet)
    Persian poet who was one of the greatest Muslim mystical writers and thinkers, composing at least 45,000 distichs (couplets) and many brilliant prose works....
  • Farīd Khān (Indian emperor)
    emperor of North India (1540–45) in the Islāmic Sūr (Afghan) dynasty of 1540–57 who organized a long-lived bureaucracy responsible to the ruler and a carefully calculated revenue system. For the first time during the Islāmic conquest the relationship between the people and the ruler was systematized, with little oppression or corruption....
  • Farīd-ud-Dīn Masʿūd (Muslim saint)
    ...Ghat with Kolkata (Calcutta) and is linked by road with Kushtia, Meherpur, Khulna, Barisal, and Jessore. The city was constituted a municipality in 1869 and takes its name from the Muslim saint Farīd-ud-Dīn Masʿūd, whose shrine is located there. It has a thermal power station, jute mills, and several government colleges. Pop. (2001) 99,945....
  • Faridabad (India)
    town, southeastern Haryāna state, northwestern India, connected by road with Delhi (north) and Mathura (southeast). It is a local market for wheat, sugarcane, and cotton. Founded in 1607 by Shaikh Farīd, Emperor Jahāngīr’s treasurer, to protect the Delhi–Āgra high road, it was constituted a municipality in 1867. A project for Pakistani refugee rese...
  • Faridah Hanum (novel by Hadi)
    ...other publications broadly reformist in general tendency but encompassing modern literature of all kinds, from popular journalism to the first Malay novels. Sayyid Shaykh himself wrote the novel Faridah Hanum (adapted from an Egyptian love story) in 1926; translated Qasim Amīn’s Tahrir al-Marʾāh, on the emancipation of women (1930), into Malay; a...
  • Faridkot (India)
    town, southwestern Punjab state, northwestern India, 70 miles (116 km) southwest of Ludhiāna town. It was founded by Bhallan of the Burai Jāṭ (a warrior community of northern India) during the 16th-century reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. It later came under British rule. Seized in 1803 by Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the historic Punjab, it was subsequently restored to ...
  • Faridkot Tika (Sikh exegetical work)
    Several commentaries on the Adi Granth have appeared since the rise of the Tat Khalsa. The first, Faridkot Tika, was commissioned by Raja Bikram Singh of Faridkot in response to Ernest Trumpp’s translation into English of part of the Adi Granth, which Sikhs regarded as grievously insulting. Three volumes were issued....
  • Faridpur (Bangladesh)
    city, central Bangladesh, on the west bank of the Mara (Dead) Padma stream, a tributary of the upper Padma River. It serves as a rail terminus for the branch line connecting Goalundo Ghat with Kolkata (Calcutta) and is linked by road with Kushtia, Meherpur, Khulna, Barisal...
  • Farigoule, Louis-Henri-Jean (French author)
    French novelist, dramatist, poet, a founder of the literary movement known as Unanimisme, and author of two internationally known works—a comedy, Knock, and the novel cycle Les Hommes de bonne volonté (Men of Good Will)....
  • Farim (Guinea-Bissau)
    town located on the Cacheu River in north-central Guinea-Bissau. It is a market centre for the agricultural products of the interior; peanut (groundnut) cultivation, concentrated around the town, is mainly for export, and cattle are raised for domestic consumption in the northern savannas of the region. There are phosphate deposits near the town. Farim is conn...
  • farina (starch)
    In Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, and a number of other countries, the extraction of the starch from potatoes (sometimes called farina) is a major industry. Some factories produce over 300 tons daily. Processing involves continuous and automatic cleaning of the potatoes, thorough disintegration in raspers or hammer mills, and separation of the fibres from the pulp by centrifugal (rotary)......
  • Farina, Carlo (Italian musician)
    ...to vocal than to instrumental composition. The development of instrumental writing—and of instrumental musical forms—was carried on more and more by virtuoso violinists. One of these was Carlo Farina (flourished c. 1630), who spent part of his life in the service of the court of Dresden, and there published a set of sonatas in 1626. But the crowning figure in this early sch...
  • Farina, Giuseppe (Italian automobile racer)
    Italian automobile racing driver who was the first to win the world driving championship according to the modern point system....
  • Farina, Giuseppe La (Italian revolutionary, writer, and historian)
    Italian revolutionary, writer, and leader and historian of the Risorgimento....
  • Fariña, Mimi (American folk singer and social activist)
    American folk singer and social activist who, with her first husband, Richard Fariña, helped revitalize folk music in the 1960s. She was the younger sister of folk singer Joan Baez....
  • Farina, Nino (Italian automobile racer)
    Italian automobile racing driver who was the first to win the world driving championship according to the modern point system....
  • Fariña, Richard (American folk singer and novelist)
    American folk singer and novelist who, with his wife, Mimi Fariña, played a significant role in the folk music revival of the 1960s....
  • Farinacci, Prospero (Italian jurist)
    Italian jurist whose Praxis et Theorica Criminalis (1616) was the strongest influence on penology in Roman-law countries until the reforms of the criminologist-economist Cesare Beccaria (1738–94). The Praxis is most noteworthy as the definitive work on the jurisprudence of torture....
  • Farinacci, Roberto (Italian politician)
    radical Italian politician and Fascist ras, or local party boss, who helped Benito Mussolini rise to power in 1922 and who became an important figure in the Fascist regime....
  • Farinati, Paolo (Italian artist)
    Italian painter, engraver, and architect, one of the leading 16th-century painters at Verona....
  • Farinelli (Italian singer)
    celebrated Italian castrato singer of the 18th century and one of the greatest singers in the history of opera. He adopted the surname of his benefactors, the brothers Farina....
  • farinha (bakery product)
    The Amazonian Indians early devised means of making the poisonous bitter cassava (manioc) edible; the end product, called farinha, became a food staple widely used today in much of tropical America. Amazonian Indians perfected the use of quinine as a specific against malaria, extracted cocaine from the leaves of the coca tree, and collected the sap of the......
  • Farini, Luigi Carlo (Italian physician, historian, and statesman)
    Italian, physician, historian, and statesman of the Risorgimento who did much to bring central Italy into union with the north....
  • Farjeon, Eleanor (British writer)
    English writer for children whose magical but unsentimental tales, which often mock the behaviour of adults, earned her a revered place in many British nurseries....
  • farjī (garment)
    ...coat that reached to the knees or below and was belted in with a sash, and wide trousers known as isar. These garments and the farji, a long, gownlike coat with short sleeves, which was worn by priests, scholars, and high officials, were made of cotton or wool, silk being forbidden to men by the......
  • Farkas, André (French graphic artist, cartoonist, and illustrator)
    French graphic artist, cartoonist, and illustrator (b. Nov. 9, 1915, Temesvar, Hung. [now Timisoara, Rom.]—d. April 11, 2005, Grisy-les-Plâtres, France), contributed roughly drawn, darkly satiric cartoons (including covers) to such magazines as L’Os à moelle, Le Rire, Punch, and The New Yorker. Franç...
  • Farley, Chris (American comedian)
    American comedian whose larger-than-life performances (1990-95) on television’s "Saturday Night Live" often parodied his own problems with alcohol, drugs, and obesity and who turned his physical brand of humour into a movie career, notably in Beverly Hills Ninja; he died of a drug overdose (b. Feb. 15, 1964--d. Dec. 18, 1997)....
  • Farley, Harriet (American writer and editor)
    American writer and editor, remembered largely for her stewardship of the Lowell Offering, a literary magazine published by women at the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts....
  • Farley, James A. (American politician)
    U.S. politician who engineered electoral triumphs for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Farley served as postmaster general until breaking with Roosevelt in 1940 to make his own bid for the presidency....
  • Farley, James Aloysius (American politician)
    U.S. politician who engineered electoral triumphs for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Farley served as postmaster general until breaking with Roosevelt in 1940 to make his own bid for the presidency....
  • Farlow, Talmadge Holt (American jazz musician)
    American jazz musician who began playing guitar in 1943, inspired by jazz great Charlie Christian, and later performed during the early-mid-1950s as a professional with the innovative Red Norvo Trio and with Artie Shaw’s Gramercy Five, establishing a national reputation as a fluent improviser of melodic bop lines. While leading small groups in the New York City area and on recordings such a...
  • Farlow, William Gilson (American botanist)
    mycologist and plant pathologist who pioneered investigations in plant pathology; his course in this subject was the first taught in the United States....
  • farm (agriculture)
    ...from the Bronze Age settlement pattern. This was particularly true of northern, western, and central Europe, which saw a variety of settlement organizations during the period. There were extended farmsteads in northern and western Europe with a development of enclosed compounds and elaborate field systems in Britain. In central Europe the extended farmsteads were in time supplemented by both......
  • Farm and Fireside (American journal)
    ...manufacture of farm machinery (for many years a leading industry) began there in 1855 when William Whiteley invented a successful reaper and mower. In the 1880s the journal Farm and Fireside was published in Springfield as a house organ by P.P. Mast; this formed the basis of the Crowell-Collier publishing ventures. One of the earliest programs of the 4-H Club......
  • farm animal
    farm animals, with the exception of poultry. In Western countries the category encompasses primarily cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, donkeys, and mules; other animals, such as buffalo, oxen, or camels, may predominate in the agriculture of other areas....
  • farm building (agriculture)
    any of the structures used in farming operations, which may include buildings to house families and workers, as well as livestock, machinery, and crops....
  • farm cheese
    Also derived from cottage cheese is farm, or farmer, cheese, which is made by pressing the curd, thereby eliminating most of the liquid. It is drier than either cottage cheese or pot cheese and is crumbly in texture....
  • farm cooperative (organization)
    organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services. Cooperatives have been successful in a number of fields, including the processing and marketing of farm products, the purchasing of other kinds of equipment and raw materials, and in the wholesaling, retailing, electric power, credit and banking, and housing industries. The income from a retail cooperative is usually ...
  • Farm Credit Act (United States [1933])
    ...would receive “parity” payments to balance prices between farm and nonfarm products, based on prewar income levels. Farmers benefited also from numerous other measures, such as the Farm Credit Act of 1933, which refinanced a fifth of all farm mortgages in a period of 18 months, and the creation in 1935 of the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), which did more to bring......
  • farm machinery (agriculture)
    mechanical devices, including tractors and implements, used in farming to save labour. Farm machines include a great variety of devices with a wide range of complexity: from simple hand-held implements used since prehistoric times to the complex harvesters of modern mechanized agriculture....
  • farm management (agriculture)
    making and implementing of the decisions involved in organizing and operating a farm for maximum production and profit. Farm management draws on agricultural economics for information on prices, markets, agricultural policy, and economic institutions such as leasing and credit. It also draws on plant and animal sciences for information on so...
  • farm policy
    Agricultural policy is concerned with the relations between agriculture, economics, and society. Land ownership and the structure of farm enterprises were traditionally regarded as primarily social problems. The growth of agricultural production in the 20th century, accompanied by a decline in size of the rural population, however, has given impetus to research in agricultural policy. In the......
  • Farm Security Administration (United States history)
    Documentary photography experienced a resurgence in the United States during the Great Depression, when the federal government undertook a major documentary project. Produced by the Farm Security Administration (FSA) under the direction of Roy E. Stryker, who earlier had come in contact with Hine’s work, the project comprised more than 270,000 images produced by 11 photographers working for...
  • farm system (baseball)
    American professional baseball executive who devised the farm system of training ballplayers (1919) and hired the first black players in organized baseball in the 20th century....
  • Farman Company (French airline)
    ...route was attempted. The first airline was formed in Germany; the Deutsche Luftreederie began service from Berlin to Leipzig and Weimar on Feb. 5, 1919, followed only three days later by the French Farman Company on the trans-channel crossing from Paris to London using a converted Goliath bomber. In August 1919, the first daily service was established on this route from Le Bourget to Hounslow.....
  • Farman, Henri (French pioneer aviator and airplane manufacturer)
    French aviation pioneer and aircraft builder who popularized the use of ailerons, moveable surfaces on the trailing edge of a wing that provide a means of lateral control....
  • Farman III (biplane)
    aircraft designed, built, and first flown by the French aviator Henri Farman in 1909. (See also history of flight.)...
  • Farman, Maurice (French aviator and aircraft designer)
    French aircraft designer and manufacturer who contributed greatly to early aviation....
  • Farmer, Art (American musician)
    American jazz musician (b. Aug. 21, 1928, Council Bluffs, Iowa—d. Oct. 4, 1999, New York, N.Y.), created trumpet solos with a singular devotion to lyricism and form and became one of the most versatile improvisers of his generation. While his flair for alternating flowing lines and contrasting phrases made him kin to the bebop masters Dizzy Gillespie and Fats Navarro, Farmer abandoned bop...
  • Farmer, Arthur Stewart (American musician)
    American jazz musician (b. Aug. 21, 1928, Council Bluffs, Iowa—d. Oct. 4, 1999, New York, N.Y.), created trumpet solos with a singular devotion to lyricism and form and became one of the most versatile improvisers of his generation. While his flair for alternating flowing lines and contrasting phrases made him kin to the bebop masters Dizzy Gillespie and Fats Navarro, Farmer abandoned bop...
  • farmer cheese
    Also derived from cottage cheese is farm, or farmer, cheese, which is made by pressing the curd, thereby eliminating most of the liquid. It is drier than either cottage cheese or pot cheese and is crumbly in texture....
  • Farmer, Fannie Merritt (American editor)
    American cookery expert, originator of what is today the renowned Fannie Farmer Cookbook....
  • Farmer, Herbert Henry (British philosopher)
    ...result of inference from, or interpretation of, religious experience. Two forms of immediacy may be distinguished: the revelational and the mystical. Christian theologians, such as Emil Brunner and H.H. Farmer, speak of a “divine-human encounter,” and Martin Buber, a Jewish religious philosopher, describes religious experience as an “I Thou” relationship; for all thr...
  • Farmer, James (American civil rights activist)
    American civil rights activist who, as a leader of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), helped shape the civil rights movement through his nonviolent activism and organizing of sit-ins and Freedom Rides, which broadened popular support for passage of the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts in the mid-1960s....
  • Farmer, James Leonard, Jr. (American civil rights activist)
    American civil rights activist who, as a leader of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), helped shape the civil rights movement through his nonviolent activism and organizing of sit-ins and Freedom Rides, which broadened popular support for passage of the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts in the mid-1960s....
  • Farmer, Paul (American anthropologist and epidemiologist)
    By 2004 anthropologist, epidemiologist, and public-health administrator Paul Farmer had spent more than two decades and more than 4.8 million km (3 million mi) in the air shuttling between Boston—where he served as an attending physician in infectious diseases and chief of the division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital—and Cange, Ha...
  • Farmer, Paul Edward (American anthropologist and epidemiologist)
    By 2004 anthropologist, epidemiologist, and public-health administrator Paul Farmer had spent more than two decades and more than 4.8 million km (3 million mi) in the air shuttling between Boston—where he served as an attending physician in infectious diseases and chief of the division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital—and Cange, Ha...
  • farmer-general (French finance)
    In the second half of the 18th century, a new wall was begun. The wall was built with 57 tollhouses to enable the farmers-general, a company of tax “farmers,” or collectors, to collect customs duties on goods entering Paris. The tollhouses are still standing at Place Denfert-Rochereau....
  • Farmer-Labor Party (historical political party, United States)
    in U.S. history (1918–44), a minor political party of Minnesotan small farmers and urban workers, which supported Robert M. La Follette in the 1924 presidential election and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and 1936. An outgrowth of the Nonpartisan League, the Farmer–Labor Party began nominating candidates for the Minnesota legislature in 1918. Several state senators...
  • Farmers’ Alliance (United States history)
    Throughout the 1880s local political action groups known as Farmers’ Alliances sprang up among Middle Westerners and Southerners, who were discontented because of crop failures, falling prices, and poor marketing and credit facilities. Although it won some significant regional victories, the alliances generally proved politically ineffective on a national scale. Thus in 1892 their leaders.....
  • Farmer’s Almanac (American journal)
    American annual journal containing anecdotal weather prognostications, planting schedules, astronomical tables, astrological lore, recipes, anecdotes, and sundry pleasantries of rural interest, first published by Robert B. Thomas in 1792 for the year 1793. The almanac issued long-range weather forecasts, based on esoteric interpretations of natural phenomena, long before the United States Weather ...
  • Farmer’s Boy, The (work by Bloomfield)
    Born in rural Suffolk but thought too frail to work on the land, Bloomfield was sent to London at age 15 to be apprenticed to a shoemaker. His poem The Farmer’s Boy (1800), written in couplets, owed its popularity to its blend of late 18th-century pastoralism with an early Romantic feeling for nature. The works that followed, from Rural Tales, Ballads, and Songs (1802) to T...
  • “Farmer’s Bride, The” (poetry by Mew)
    ...stories and essays in several periodicals before publishing the lyric poetry that secured her reputation. Her first book of poems, The Farmer’s Bride (1916, expanded 1921; U.S. title, Saturday Market), was praised for its natural, direct language, including Wessex country dialect. The title poem and “Madeleine in Church”—in which a prostitute addresses ...
  • Farmers Cooperative Demonstration Work of the USDA (United States agricultural program)
    ...of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), supervised a demonstration that proved the effectiveness of good farming techniques in weevil control. Thus he originated the program of the Farmers Cooperative Demonstration Work of the USDA, in which representatives of the department, usually known as county agents, worked with farmers to familiarize them with the findings of......
  • Farmer’s Daughter, The (film by Potter [1947])
    Other Nominees...
  • Farmers’ High School (university system, Pennsylvania, United States)
    coeducational state-supported system of higher education in Pennsylvania, U.S. The main campus, at University Park, is the system’s largest branch and is the focus of its graduate and four-year undergraduate education. The system also includes the four-year school Penn State Erie (Behrend College) at Erie; Penn State Harrisburg (Capital College), consisting of an upper-di...
  • Farmer’s Law (Byzantine legal code)
    Byzantine legal code drawn up in the 8th century ad, probably during the reign of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (717–741), which focused largely on matters concerning the peasantry and the villages in which they lived. It protected the farmer’s property and established penalties for misdemeanors committed by the villagers. It was designed for a growing...
  • Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company (American financial institution)
    The 1894 act had provided (for a five-year term) that “gains, profits and incomes” in excess of $4,000 would be taxed at 2 percent. In compliance with the Tariff Act, the Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company, a New York financial institution with vast holdings, announced to its shareholders that it intended to pay the tax and also to provide the U.S. collector of internal revenue a...
  • farmer’s lung (pathology)
    a pulmonary disorder that results from the development of hypersensitivity to inhaled dust from moldy hay or other fodder. In the acute form, symptoms include a sudden onset of breathlessness, fever, a rapid heartbeat, cough (especially in the morning), copious production of phlegm, and a general sense of feeling ill. Attacks may last a few days to several weeks. In its chronic form, farmer...
  • Farmers’ Nonpartisan League (United States history)
    in U.S. history, alliance of farmers to secure state control of marketing facilities by endorsing a pledged supporter from either major party. It was founded in North Dakota by a Socialist, Arthur C. Townley, in 1915, at the height of the Progressive movement in the Northwest. To protect the farmer from alleged wheat trade monopolies by speculators and officials, the league demanded state-owned mi...
  • Farmers’ Party (political party, Norway)
    The government, led by the Agrarian Party (1931–33) and Venstre (1933–35), tried to combat the crisis with extensive reductions in governmental expenditure but refused to consider an expansionist financial policy or the emergency relief measures that the DNA demanded. The DNA thus enjoyed great success in the elections of 1933, although it failed to gain a majority in the Storting......
  • Farmers’ Party (political party, Sweden)
    ...unemployment rose, and reductions in wages caused a series of harsh labour conflicts. The election of 1932 brought a considerable advance to the Social Democratic Party, and to some extent to the Farmers’ Party as well, and led to a Social Democratic administration under the leadership of Per Albin Hansson. It offered a comprehensive policy to fight the crisis, including extensive public...
  • Farmer’s Weekly Museum (newspaper, Walpole, New Hampshire, United States)
    ...pseudonyms Colon and Spondee, and together they began contributing satirical pieces to local newspapers. Between 1792 and 1802 Dennie wrote his periodical “Farrago” essays. For the Farmer’s Weekly Museum, a well-known newspaper of Walpole, N.H., he wrote the series of graceful, moralizing “Lay Preacher” essays that established his literary reputation. H...
  • farmhouse (agriculture)
    The basic requirements for the farmer’s family are about the same as those of the urban family, but certain features of the farmhouse depend on the farm-life pattern. Because the farmer generally comes directly from the fields or the service buildings, with soiled clothes and boots, it is necessary to provide a rear entrance with a washroom or lavatory and clothes-storage space. For the sam...
  • farming
    the active production of useful plants or animals in ecosystems that have been created by people. Agriculture has often been conceptualized narrowly, in terms of specific combinations of activities and organisms—wet-rice production in Asia, wheat farming in Europe, cattle ranching in the Americas, and the like—but a more holistic perspective holds that humans are environmental engine...
  • farming cooperative (organization)
    organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services. Cooperatives have been successful in a number of fields, including the processing and marketing of farm products, the purchasing of other kinds of equipment and raw materials, and in the wholesaling, retailing, electric power, credit and banking, and housing industries. The income from a retail cooperative is usually ...
  • Farming of Bones, The (work by Danticat)
    ...was published. The collection, which took its title from a call-and-response phrase common in Haitian storytelling, was a finalist for the National Book Award. Her second novel, The Farming of the Bones (1998), used as its title the Haitian term for harvesting cane. It was set against the background of the massacre of Haitian emigrants by Dominican dictator Rafael......
  • Farmington (Connecticut, United States)
    town (township), Hartford county, central Connecticut, U.S., on the Farmington River. Early settlement centred on the plantation of Tunxis (Tunxes; settled 1640), which was renamed for Farmington, England, and incorporated in 1645. After the American Revolution the town underwent an industrial boom that lasted until the early 19th century. Its products during the peak years of 1...
  • Farmington (Maine, United States)
    town, seat (1838) of Franklin county, west-central Maine, U.S. It lies along the Sandy River 38 miles (61 km) northwest of Augusta. The town includes the communities of Farmington, Farmington Falls, and West Farmington. Settled in the 1770s, it was incorporated in 1794 and named for its location in a good farming region. It developed as an agricultural trade c...
  • Farmington (New Mexico, United States)
    city, San Juan county, northwestern New Mexico, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the San Juan, Animas, and La Plata rivers. Settled in 1876, when Indian lands were opened to homesteaders, it became a small farming community and distribution point for the nearby Ute Mountain and Navaho Indian reservations. Farmington’s growth was stimulated by the discovery of coal, oil, ...
  • Farmington Plan (United States Library of Congress)
    An ambitious program for cooperative acquisition of foreign materials by American libraries was conceived in the Library of Congress in 1942. This was the Farmington Plan: it involved the recruitment of purchasing agents in many countries, whose task was to buy their countries’ current publications and distribute them to American libraries according to a scheme of subject specialization. Ma...
  • Farmington River (river, Liberia)
    river, western Liberia. It is Liberia’s only river of commercial importance. It rises in the Bong Range and flows south-southwest for 75 miles (120 km) to the Atlantic coast at Marshall, where the Gbage and Junk rivers join its estuary. The river is navigable for 10 miles (16 km) below Harbel, the Firestone Plantations Company port from which rubber is shipped to Monrovia (30 miles [48 km]...
  • farmstead (agriculture)
    ...from the Bronze Age settlement pattern. This was particularly true of northern, western, and central Europe, which saw a variety of settlement organizations during the period. There were extended farmsteads in northern and western Europe with a development of enclosed compounds and elaborate field systems in Britain. In central Europe the extended farmsteads were in time supplemented by both......
  • Farnaby, Giles (English composer)
    English composer of virginal music and madrigals who ranks with the greatest keyboard composers of his day....
  • Farnbag fire (cult)
    The Farnbag, Gushnasp, and Burzen-Mihr fires were connected, respectively, with the priests, the warriors, and the farmers. The Farnbag fire was at first in Khwārezm, until in the 6th century bc, according to tradition, Vishtāspa, Zoroaster’s protector, transported it to Kabulistan; then Khosrow in the 6th century ad transported it to the......
  • Farnborough (England, United Kingdom)
    ...centre of the United Kingdom’s military establishment. A military camp, established at the town of Aldershot in 1854–55, is now the largest permanent military base in the country. Adjacent to Farnborough, the district seat, and lying to the north of the canal is the site of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, which since 1906 has been the United Kingdom’s chief centre for sci...
  • Farne Islands (islands, England, United Kingdom)
    group of islets and reefs lying 1.5 to 6 miles (2.5 to 10 km) off the North Sea coast of Great Britain in the administrative and historic county of Northumberland, England. The islands are composed of resistant dolerite (lava) rocks. The largest of these islands, House, spans 16 acres (6.5 hectares) and has precipitous cliffs reaching up to 80 feet (24 metres) in height. The lig...
  • Farnese, Alessandro (pope)
    Italian noble who was the last of the Renaissance popes (reigned 1534–49) and the first pope of the Counter-Reformation. The worldly Paul III was a notable patron of the arts and at the same time encouraged the beginning of the reform movement that was to affect deeply the Roman Catholic Church in the later 16th century. He called the Council of Trent in 1545....
  • Farnese, Alessandro (Italian cardinal)
    ...continued his father’s work of internal consolidation and the struggle against the feudal lords. He harshly repressed a conspiracy in 1582 and subdued the Valtarese again. Pier Luigi’s eldest son, Alessandro (1520–89), had been created cardinal at 14. A patron of scholars and artists, it was he who completed the magnificent Farnese palaces in Rome and at Caprarola....
  • Farnese, Alessandro, duca di Parma e Piacenza (regent of The Netherlands)
    regent of the Netherlands (1578–92) for Philip II, the Habsburg king of Spain. He was primarily responsible for maintaining Spanish control there and for perpetuating Roman Catholicism in the southern provinces (now Belgium). In 1586 he succeeded his father as duke of Parma and Piacenza, but he never returned to Italy to rule....
  • Farnese, Alessandro, duke of Parma and Piacenza (regent of The Netherlands)
    regent of the Netherlands (1578–92) for Philip II, the Habsburg king of Spain. He was primarily responsible for maintaining Spanish control there and for perpetuating Roman Catholicism in the southern provinces (now Belgium). In 1586 he succeeded his father as duke of Parma and Piacenza, but he never returned to Italy to rule....
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