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  • Fatal Legacy, a Tragedy, The (play by Racine)
    Racine’s first play, Amasie, was never produced and has not survived. His career as a dramatist began with the production by Molière’s troupe of his play La Thébaïde ou les frères ennemis (“The Thebaide or the Enemy Brothers”) at the Palais-Royal Theatre on June 20, 1664. Molière’s troupe also produced Racine...
  • Fatal Marriage, The (work by Southerne)
    ...novels by Aphra Behn, a popular 17th-century novelist and poet. In their mingling of pathos with a sometimes flaccid rhetoric, they owed much to the 17th-century dramatist Thomas Otway, as well. The Fatal Marriage anticipated 18th-century domestic tragedy, and Oroonoko showed affiliations with the earlier heroic plays of Dryden. The role of Isabella, which was first played by the....
  • Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding, The (work by Hughes)
    ...it left an impression, especially on the liberal intelligentsia. One result was greater emphasis on the dignity and autonomy of Australian-centred cultural studies. Robert Hughes’s The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding (1987), a vivid account of the experiences of both transported convicts and colonists that became an international best-seller,...
  • fatalism (religion)
    The belief in the existence of a blind and inexorable fate can lead to a conflict with the belief in a benevolent Providence. In the Greco-Roman world, where fatalistic belief was strong and where it found a popular expression in astrology, the belief that the whole world, but particularly man, is governed by the stars was contested by Judaism and Christianity. The Talmud, the authoritative......
  • Fatawā-ye jahāndārī (work by Baranī)
    ...Fīrūz Shāhī (“History of Fīrūz Shāh”), a didactic work setting down the duties of the Indian sultan toward Islām. In his Fatawā-ye jahāndārī (“Rulings on Temporal Government”), influenced by Ṣūfī mysticism, he expounded a religious philosophy of hist...
  • fatback (fish)
    any of several species of valuable Atlantic coastal fishes in the genus Brevoortia of the herring family (Clupeidae), utilized for oil, fish meal, and fertilizer. Menhaden have a deep body, sharp-edged belly, large head, and tooth-edged scales. Adults are about 37.5 cm (about 15 inches) in length and 0.5 kg (1 pound) or less in weight. Dense schools of menhaden range from Canada to South Am...
  • fate (religion)
    The belief in the existence of a blind and inexorable fate can lead to a conflict with the belief in a benevolent Providence. In the Greco-Roman world, where fatalistic belief was strong and where it found a popular expression in astrology, the belief that the whole world, but particularly man, is governed by the stars was contested by Judaism and Christianity. The Talmud, the authoritative......
  • Fate (Greek and Roman mythology)
    in Greek and Roman mythology, any of three goddesses who determined human destinies, and in particular the span of a person’s life and his allotment of misery and suffering. Homer speaks of Fate (moira) in the singular as an impersonal power and sometimes makes its functions interchangeable with those of the Olympian gods. From the time of the poet Hesiod (8th century bc...
  • fate drama (dramatic literature)
    a type of play especially popular in early 19th-century Germany in which a malignant destiny drives the protagonist to commit a horrible crime, often unsuspectingly. Adolf Mullner’s Der neunundzwanzigste Februar (1812; “February 29”) and Die Schuld (1813; “The Debt”) and Zacharias Werner’s Der vierundzwanzigste Februar...
  • fate map (biology)
    ...regions of the early amphibian embryo—by the use of natural pigmentation or artificially introduced dyes—can be followed and their location in the adult recorded in diagrams called fate maps. The fate map of a frog blastula just prior to gastrulation demonstrates that the materials for the various organs of the embryo are not yet in the position corresponding to that in which......
  • “Fate of a Cockroach, and Other Plays“ (work by al-Ḥakīm)
    ...a necessarily more concentrated medium in lending greater movement to the dramatic action; Ughniyat al-mawt (1950; “The Song of Death”; Eng. trans. in Fate of a Cockroach, and Other Plays) is particularly noteworthy in this regard....
  • Fate of Reading, The (work by Hartman)
    ...his sophisticated rethinking of literary Romanticism, Hartman is known for his historical and more speculative writings on literary criticism and theory. In his essay collection The Fate of Reading (1975), Hartman argued that history, like literature, is open to many interpretations and therefore is also a kind of “critical energy.” In ......
  • fate tragedy (dramatic literature)
    a type of play especially popular in early 19th-century Germany in which a malignant destiny drives the protagonist to commit a horrible crime, often unsuspectingly. Adolf Mullner’s Der neunundzwanzigste Februar (1812; “February 29”) and Die Schuld (1813; “The Debt”) and Zacharias Werner’s Der vierundzwanzigste Februar...
  • Fateh (oil field, Dubayy, United Arab Emirates)
    In 1966 the offshore oil field of Fatḥ (Fateh) was discovered in the Persian Gulf about 75 miles (120 km) due east of Dubai, in waters where the state had granted an oil concession. By the 1970s three 20-story submarine tanks, each holding 500,000 barrels, were installed on the seabed at the site. Shaped like inverted champagne glasses, they are popularly called the “Three......
  • Fateh Ali Tipu (sultan of Mysore)
    sultan of Mysore, who won fame in the wars of the late 18th century in southern India....
  • Fateh Singh (Gaikwar leader)
    ...Gaekwads still remained partly dependent on Pune and the peshwa, especially to intervene in moments of succession crisis. The eventual successor of Damaji, Fateh Singh (ruled 1771–89), did not remain allied to the peshwa for long, though. Rather, in the late 1770s and early ’80s, he chose to negotiate ...
  • Fateh Singh, Sant (Sikh religious leader)
    Sikh religious leader who became the foremost campaigner for Sikh rights in post-independence India....
  • Fatehgarh (India)
    ...just west of the Ganges River. The two cities form a joint municipality. Farrukhābād was founded in 1714 by Muḥammad Khān Bangash, an independent local Mughal governor. Fatehgarh was founded about 1714, when a ruler of Farrukhābād built a fort on the site; a massacre occurred there during the 1857 Indian Mutiny. Farrukhābād-cum-Fatehgarh i...
  • Fatehpur (India)
    town, southern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southeast of Kānpur, on a major road and rail line to Allahābād. Fatehpur was founded by Pashtuns (Pathāns) in the 15th century; it came under the control of several dynasties until it was ceded to the British East India Company by the Nawab of Oudh (1801). An agricultural trade centre with some industry, it c...
  • Fatehpur Sikri (India)
    town, southwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. The town, lying about 23 miles (37 km) west of Agra, was founded in 1569 by the great Mughal emperor Akbar. In that year Akbar had visited the Muslim hermit Chishti, who was residing in the village of Sikri. Chishti correctly foretold that Akbar’s wish for an h...
  • “Fateless” (novel by Kertész)
    Kertész was best known for his first and most acclaimed novel, Sorstalanság (Fateless), which he completed in the mid-1960s but was unable to publish for nearly a decade. When the novel finally appeared in 1975, it received little critical attention but established Kertész as a unique and provocative voice in the dissident......
  • Fatemi, Hosayn (Iranian politician)
    Iranian politician who supported Mohammad Mosaddeq in his power struggle with Iran’s monarch, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi....
  • Fates of the Apostles, The (work by Cynewulf)
    author of four Old English poems preserved in late 10th-century manuscripts. Elene and The Fates of the Apostles are in the Vercelli Book, and The Ascension (which forms the second part of a trilogy, Christ, and is also called Christ II) and Juliana are in the Exeter Book. An epilogue to each poem, asking for prayers for the author, contains runic......
  • Fatḥ (oil field, Dubayy, United Arab Emirates)
    In 1966 the offshore oil field of Fatḥ (Fateh) was discovered in the Persian Gulf about 75 miles (120 km) due east of Dubai, in waters where the state had granted an oil concession. By the 1970s three 20-story submarine tanks, each holding 500,000 barrels, were installed on the seabed at the site. Shaped like inverted champagne glasses, they are popularly called the “Three......
  • Fatḥ (Palestinian political organization)
    political and military organization of Arab Palestinians, founded in the late 1950s by Yāsir ʿArafāt and Khalīl al-Wazīr (Abū Jihād) with the aim of wresting Palestine from Israeli control by waging low-intensity guerrilla warfare. The organization, which obtained Syrian support, became based ...
  • Fatḥ ʿAlī Shāh (shah of Iran)
    shah of Persia (1797–1834) whose reign coincided with rivalry among France, Great Britain, and Russia over eastern affairs....
  • Faṭh Allāh ʿImād-al-Mulk (Indian governor)
    ...sultan, whom he forced to recognize his conquests, and in 1490 he assumed a practical independence and established his capital at Ahmadnagar. Yūsuf ʿĀdil Khān of Bijapur and Faṭh Allāh ʿImād al-Mulk of Berar had demonstrated their sympathy for Malik Aḥmad’s activities and soon emulated him. Although the three governors still ...
  • Fatḥ Khan Bārakzay (Afghani vizier)
    ...helping Maḥmūd, governor of Herāt and a brother of Zamān, with men and money and encouraging him to advance on Kandahār. Maḥmūd, assisted by his vizier, Fatḥ Khan Bārakzay, eldest son of Sardār Pāyenda Khan, and by Fatḥ ʿAlī Shah, took Kandahār and advanced on Kabul. Zamān, in India, ...
  • Fatha (American musician)
    American jazz pianist, bandleader, and composer whose unique playing style made him one of the most influential musicians in jazz history....
  • fathead minnow (fish)
    ...they are cultured for this purpose. One good bait species is the bluntnose minnow (P. notatus), an olive-coloured species up to 10 cm (4 inches) long. Others include the 6-centimetre fathead minnow (P. promelas) and the common shiner (Notropis cornutus), a blue and silver minnow up to 20 cm long. The golden shiner, or American roach (Notemigonus cryseleucas),......
  • father (kinship)
    Although blood group studies cannot be used to prove paternity, they can provide unequivocal evidence that a male is not the father of a particular child. Since the red cell antigens are inherited as dominant traits, a child cannot have a blood group antigen that is not present in one or both parents. For example, if the child in question belongs to group A and both the mother and the putative......
  • Father (Mithraism)
    ...were organized in seven grades: corax, Raven; nymphus, Bridegroom; miles, Soldier; leo, Lion; Perses, Persian; heliodromus, Courier of (and to) the Sun; pater, Father. To each rank belonged a particular mask (Raven, Persian, Lion) or dress (Bridegroom). The rising of the Mithraist in grade prefigured the ascent of the soul after death. The series...
  • Father and Son (work by Gosse)
    ...revolution in standards of scholarship and criticism, so that much of his critical and historical output now appears amateurish in its inaccuracies and carelessness. His finest book is probably Father and Son (1907), a minor classic of autobiography in which he recounts with grace, irony, and wit his escape from the dominance of a puritanical father to the exhilarating world of letters.....
  • Father Gleim (German poet)
    German Anacreontic poet....
  • Father Goose (film by Nelson [1964])
    Story and Screenplay: S.H. Barnett, Peter Stone, Frank Tarloff for Father GooseAdapted Screenplay: Edward Anhalt for BecketCinematography, Black-and-White: Walter Lassally for Zorba the GreekCinematography, Color: Harry Stradling for My Fair LadyArt Direction, Black-and-White:......
  • Father of American Football, the (American sportsman)
    sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college gridiron football. More important, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct from rugby football....
  • Father of His Country (president of United States)
    American general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution (1775–83) and subsequently first president of the United States (1789–97). (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)...
  • Father of Rhythm Tap (American dancer)
    For each one of these styles there were hundreds of dancers creating a unique version. John Bubbles, for instance, has gone down in history as the “Father of Rhythm Tap.” Though he may not have been the very first tap dancer to use the heel tap to push rhythm from the 1920s jazz beat to the 1930s swing beat, he certainly was the most influential; generations of dancers learned his......
  • Father of the Church (Christianity)
    any of the great bishops and other eminent Christian teachers of the early centuries whose writings remained as a court of appeal for their successors, especially in reference to controverted points of faith or practice. See patristic literature....
  • Father Petre (English Jesuit)
    English Jesuit, favourite of King James II of Great Britain....
  • Father Reading the Bible to His Children, The (painting by Greuze)
    ...studied first at Lyon and afterward at the Royal Academy in Paris. He first exhibited at the Salon of 1755 and won an immediate success with his moralizing genre painting of Father Reading the Bible to His Children (1755). Although Greuze’s attention at this time was fixed on a less-pretentious type of genre painting in which the influence of 17th-century Dut...
  • Father Sergius (work by Tolstoy)
    ...1886; The Death of Ivan Ilyich), a novella describing a man’s gradual realization that he is dying and that his life has been wasted on trivialities. Otets Sergy (written 1898; Father Sergius), which may be taken as Tolstoy’s self-critique, tells the story of a proud man who wants to become a saint but discovers that sainthood cannot be consciously sought. Reg...
  • Father Tantra (Buddhist literature)
    ...may emphasize either “beneficial activity” or “appreciative awareness” or their “unity,” and, therefore, Tantric literature has been divided into the so-called Father Tantra (emphasizing activity), the Mother Tantra (emphasizing appreciation), and the Nondual Tantra (dealing with both aspects unitively). The original Sanskrit versions of most of these w...
  • Father, The (work by Strindberg)
    He returned to drama with new intensity, and the conflict between the sexes inspired some of the outstanding works written at this time, such as The Father, Miss Julie, and The Creditors. All of these were written in total revolt against contemporary social conventions. In these bold and concentrated works, he combined the techniques of dramatic Naturalism—including......
  • father-god (religion)
    The goddess is the Celtic reflex of the primordial mother who creates life and fruitfulness through her union with the universal father-god. Welsh and Irish tradition preserve many variations on a basic triadic relationship of divine mother, father, and son. The goddess appears, for example, in Welsh as Modron (from Matrona, “Divine Mother”) and Rhiannon (“Divine Queen”...
  • fatherhood (kinship)
    Although blood group studies cannot be used to prove paternity, they can provide unequivocal evidence that a male is not the father of a particular child. Since the red cell antigens are inherited as dominant traits, a child cannot have a blood group antigen that is not present in one or both parents. For example, if the child in question belongs to group A and both the mother and the putative......
  • Fatherland Committee (Netherlands history)
    ...When the Germans occupied his country during World War II, Drees was imprisoned for trying to organize resistance. Released in 1941, he rejoined the resistance movement and presided over the Fatherland Committee, which prepared the first governmental measures after the liberation of The Netherlands in 1945....
  • Fatherland Front (Vietnamese political organization)
    ...Viet Minh had popular support and was able to dominate the countryside, while the French strength lay in urban areas. As the war neared an end, the Viet Minh was succeeded by a new organization, the Lien Viet, or Vietnamese National Popular Front. In 1951 the majority of the Viet Minh leadership was absorbed into the Lao Dong, or Vietnamese Workers’ Party (later Vietnamese Communist) Par...
  • Fatherland Front (political party, Europe)
    ...Dollfuss and the Heimwehr were victorious. The Social Democratic Party was declared illegal and driven underground. In the course of the same year, all political parties were abolished except the Fatherland Front (Vaterländische Front), which Dollfuss had founded in 1933 to unite all conservative groups. In April 1934 the rump of the parliament was brought together and accepted an......
  • Fatherland Party (German movement)
    William II felt compelled to promise an eventual end to the restrictive Prussian franchise in his Easter message of 1917. Shortly thereafter the Fatherland Party was established with enormous support from the elites. Its program included a commitment to fight for an unequivocal German victory, including annexations, and maintenance of the Prusso-German political system....
  • Fathers and Sons (work by Turgenev)
    It was Ivan Turgenev in his celebrated novel Fathers and Sons (1862) who popularized the term through the figure of Bazarov the nihilist. Eventually the nihilists of the 1860s and ’70s came to be regarded as disheveled, untidy, unruly, ragged men who rebelled against tradition and social order. The philosophy of nihilism then began to be associated erroneously with the regicide of......
  • Father’s Day (holiday)
    in the United States, holiday (third Sunday in June) to honour fathers. Credit for originating the holiday is generally given to Sonora Smart Dodd of Spokane, Washington, whose father, a Civil War veteran, raised her and her five siblings after their mother died in childbirth. She is said to have had the idea in 1909 while listening to a sermon on Mother’s Day...
  • Fathers, The (work by Tate)
    Tate’s only novel, The Fathers (1938), refashioned the Jason-Medea myth to promulgate agrarian beliefs. His Collected Poems was published in 1977; Essays of Four Decades appeared in 1969....
  • fathom (unit of measurement)
    old English measure of length, now standardized at 6 feet (1.83 metre), which has long been used as a nautical unit of depth. The longest of many units derived from an anatomical measurement, the fathom originated as the distance from the middle fingertip of one hand to the middle fingertip of the other hand of a large man holding his arms fully extended. The name comes from the Old English fae...
  • Fathometer (trade name measurement device)
    trade name for a type of sonic depth finder....
  • Fathy, Hassan (Egyptian architect)
    ...the Iraqis Rifat Chaderji and Muhammad Makkiya, the Jordanian Rassem Badran, or the Bangladeshi Mazhar ul-Islam. Finally, a unique message was being transmitted by the visionary Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who, in eloquent and prophetic terms, urged that the traditional forms and techniques of vernacular architecture be studied and adapted to contemporary needs. Directly or indirectly,......
  • Fatialofa, Peter (Samoan athlete)
    On July 31, 1993, Western Samoa played an official rugby union international match against New Zealand. The contest, at Eden Park in Auckland, was the culmination of the gradual rise of the Pacific island team from comparative obscurity to a place alongside the major rugby union-playing nations. Captain and star of the team was Peter Fatialofa....
  • “fatiche di Ercole, Le” (film by Francisci)
    ...not take off until he traveled to Europe, where, under the guidance of Italian producer Federico Teti, he took the lead role in Le fatiche di Ercole (1957; Hercules, 1959). Hercules was a box-office success in America and set the stage for a series of swashbuckling “sword-and-sandal” epics that showcased......
  • fatigue (materials failure)
    in engineering, manifestation of progressive fracture in a solid under cyclic loading as in the case of a metal strip that ruptures after repeated bending back and forth. Fatigue fracture begins with one or several cracks on the surface that spread inward in the course of repeated application of forces until complete rupture suddenly occurs when the small unaffected portion is too weak to sustain...
  • fatigue (physiology)
    specific form of human inadequacy in which the individual experiences an aversion to exertion and feels unable to carry on. Such feelings may be generated by muscular effort; exhaustion of the energy supply to the muscles of the body, however, is not an invariable precursor. Feelings of fatigue may also stem from pain, anxiety, fear, or boredom. In the latter ...
  • Fatigue and Efficiency (work by Goldmark)
    ...and dramatically argued reports on social conditions that were to be her life’s work appeared in 1907 under the title Child Labor Legislation Handbook. Five years of work went into Fatigue and Efficiency, published by the Russell Sage Foundation in 1912, in which she demonstrated that excessive working hours were injurious not only to workers but also to overall......
  • fatigue fracture (medicine)
    Fracture sometimes develops slowly rather than suddenly. Fatigue, or stress, fractures occur because the bone tissue is exposed to forces that overwhelm its capacity for structural adaptation. Examples include fracture of the thighbone and fracture of the bones of the foot (march fracture) in soldiers during their initial months of physical training. Stress fractures usually produce pain even......
  • fatigue fracture (materials failure)
    in engineering, manifestation of progressive fracture in a solid under cyclic loading as in the case of a metal strip that ruptures after repeated bending back and forth. Fatigue fracture begins with one or several cracks on the surface that spread inward in the course of repeated application of forces until complete rupture suddenly occurs when the small unaffected portion is too weak to sustain...
  • fatigue reaction (pathology)
    ...of the muscular system. Neurocirculatory asthenia is a clinical syndrome characterized by breathing difficulties, heart palpitations, a shortness of breath or dizziness, and insomnia. The term neurasthenia was formerly used to describe a mental disorder with such symptoms as easy fatigability, lack of motivation, and feelings of inadequacy....
  • Fatih külliye (building, Istanbul, Turkey)
    The apogee of Ottoman architecture was achieved in the great series of külliyes and mosques that still dominate the Istanbul skyline: the Fatih külliye (1463–70), the Bayezid Mosque (after 1491), the Selim Mosque (1522), the Şehzade külliye (1548), and the Süleyman külliye (after 1550). The Şehzade and Süley...
  • Fatih Sultan Mehmed (bridge, Istanbul, Turkey)
    ...built across the strait. The first, the Bŏgaziçi (Bosporus I) Bridge, was completed in 1973 and has a main span of 3,524 feet (1,074 m; see photograph). The second bridge, the Fatih Sultan Mehmed (Bosporus II), was completed in 1988 and has a main span of 3,576 feet (1,090 m; see photograph)....
  • fātiḥah (opening chapter of the Qurʾān)
    the “opening” or first chapter (sūrah) of the Muslim book of divine revelation, the Qurʾān; in tone and usage it has often been likened to the Christian Lord’s Prayer. In contrast to the other sūrahs, which are usually narratives or exhortations delivered by God, the seven verses of the fātiḥah form a short ...
  • Fātiḥat al-Kitāb (opening chapter of the Qurʾān)
    the “opening” or first chapter (sūrah) of the Muslim book of divine revelation, the Qurʾān; in tone and usage it has often been likened to the Christian Lord’s Prayer. In contrast to the other sūrahs, which are usually narratives or exhortations delivered by God, the seven verses of the fātiḥah form a short ...
  • Fatima (daughter of Muḥammad)
    daughter of Muhammad (the founder of Islam) who in later centuries became the object of deep veneration by many Muslims, especially the Shīʿites. Muhammad had other sons and daughters, but they either died young or failed to produce a long line of descendants. Fāṭimah, however, stood at the head of a genealogy that steadily enlarged through the genera...
  • Fátima (Portugal)
    village and sanctuary, central Portugal; it is located on the tableland of Cova da Iria, 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Leiria. Fátima was named for a 12th-century Moorish princess and since 1917 has been one of the greatest Marian shrines in the world, visited by thousands of pilgrims annually. On May 13, 1917, and in each subsequent month until October of that year, three young peasant chi...
  • Fāṭima (daughter of Muḥammad)
    daughter of Muhammad (the founder of Islam) who in later centuries became the object of deep veneration by many Muslims, especially the Shīʿites. Muhammad had other sons and daughters, but they either died young or failed to produce a long line of descendants. Fāṭimah, however, stood at the head of a genealogy that steadily enlarged through the genera...
  • Fāṭimah (daughter of Muḥammad)
    daughter of Muhammad (the founder of Islam) who in later centuries became the object of deep veneration by many Muslims, especially the Shīʿites. Muhammad had other sons and daughters, but they either died young or failed to produce a long line of descendants. Fāṭimah, however, stood at the head of a genealogy that steadily enlarged through the genera...
  • Fāṭimī, Ḥusayn (Iranian politician)
    Iranian politician who supported Mohammad Mosaddeq in his power struggle with Iran’s monarch, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi....
  • Fāṭimid dynasty (Islamic dynasty)
    political and religious dynasty that dominated an empire in North Africa and subsequently in the Middle East from ad 909 to 1171 and tried unsuccessfully to oust the ʿAbbāsid caliphs as leaders of the Islāmic world. It took its name from Fāṭimah, the daughter of the Prophet Muḥammad, fr...
  • fatness (medical disorder)
    excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are then stored as fat, or adipose tissue. Overweight, if moderate, is not necessarily obesity, particularly in muscular or large-boned individuals. The definitions of overweight and obesity are based on measures of height and weight that are used to ...
  • Fatou, Pierre (French mathematician)
    ...5x2 + 7) that won the Grand Prix from the French Academy of Sciences in 1918. Together with a similar memoir by French mathematician Pierre Fatou, this created the foundations of the theory. Julia drew attention to a crucial distinction between points that tend to a limiting position as the iteration proceeds and those that never......
  • Fatou set (mathematics)
    ...Julia drew attention to a crucial distinction between points that tend to a limiting position as the iteration proceeds and those that never settle down. The former are now said to belong to the Fatou set of the iteration and the latter to the Julia set of the iteration. Julia showed that, except in the simplest cases, the Julia set is infinite, and he described how it is related to the......
  • fatsia (plant species)
    (Fatsia japonica), evergreen shrub or small tree, in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), native to Japan but widely grown indoors for its striking foliage and easy care. In nature it can attain a height to 5 metres (16 feet); the glossy, dark-green leaves, roughly star-shaped, with 7 to 9 lobes, may be nearly 45 centimetres (1 12 feet) acr...
  • Fatsia japonica (plant species)
    (Fatsia japonica), evergreen shrub or small tree, in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), native to Japan but widely grown indoors for its striking foliage and easy care. In nature it can attain a height to 5 metres (16 feet); the glossy, dark-green leaves, roughly star-shaped, with 7 to 9 lobes, may be nearly 45 centimetres (1 12 feet) acr...
  • Fattāḥī (Persian author)
    ...rulers’ interest in art. Allegorical mas̄navīs were much in vogue, such as the Shabestān-e khayāl (“Bedchamber of Fantasy”) by the prolific writer Fattāḥī of Nīshāpūr (died 1448) and Gūy o-chowgān (“Ball and Polo-stick”) by ʿĀrefī (died...
  • Fattori, Giovanni (Italian artist)
    During a period of 20 years, the Macchiaioli produced startlingly fresh and vivid paintings. The most outstanding artist of the group was the Florentine Giovanni Fattori (1825–1908), who attained brilliant effects of light and colour by the use of strong colour patches. Other important painters of the group were the critic and theoretician Telemaco Signorini (1853–1901), who used......
  • Fattorini, Gabriele (Italian composer)
    ...adopting alternative scorings that the composer might provide or by improvising other dispositions to suit the immediate place and occasion. There is a clear instance of expanding the scoring in one Gabriele Fattorini’s . . . Sacri concerti a due voci . . . (. . . Sacred Concerts for Two Voices . . .). This work appeared originally in 1600 merely “w...
  • fatty acid (chemical compound)
    important component of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (−COOH) at the other end. It is this carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic acid). I...
  • fatty acid mobilization (biology)
    In times of stress when the body requires energy, fatty acids are released from adipose cells and mobilized for use (as shown in the figure). The process begins when levels of glucagon and adrenaline in the blood increase and these hormones bind to specific receptors on the surface of adipose cells. This binding action starts a cascade of reactions in the cell that results in the activation of......
  • fatty acid oxidation disorder
    ...of liver cells and requires a carrier molecule, carnitine, which is synthesized in the body and is also obtained from the dietary intake of animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs. Some fatty acid oxidation disorders arise through dysfunction of carnitine transport enzymes, although most of these conditions are caused by fat-degrading enzymes directly involved in the beta-oxidation......
  • fatty acyl coenzyme A (chemical compound)
    ...in one of two main ways. In higher organisms, enzymes in the cytoplasm called thiokinases catalyze the linkage of fatty acids with CoA−SH to form a compound that can be called a fatty acyl coenzyme A [21]. This step requires ATP, which is split to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) in the process....
  • fatty acyl phosphate (chemical compound)
    ...Defects in this enzyme or in the carnitine carrier are inborn errors of metabolism. In obligate anaerobic bacteria the linkage of fatty acids to coenzyme A may require the formation of a fatty acyl phosphate, i.e., the phosphorylation of the fatty acid using ATP; ADP is also a product [21c]. The fatty acyl moiety......
  • fatty alcohol (chemical compound)
    ...soaps and detergents must have certain chemical structures: their molecules must contain a hydrophobic (water-insoluble) part, such as a fatty acid or a rather long chain carbon group, such as fatty alcohols or alkylbenzene. The molecule must also contain a hydrophilic (water-soluble) group, such as −COONa, or a sulfo group, such as −OSO3Na or......
  • fatty liver (pathology)
    ...but also poor self-care by alcoholics. For example, in Hungary 52 percent of suicide victims have been found to have a fatty liver (a symptom of chronic alcohol intoxication). In contrast, fatty liver is present in only 3 percent of the general population....
  • fatty pad (anatomy)
    ...fluid. The villi become more abundant in middle and old age. The fatty parts of the subintima may be quite thin, but in all joints there are places where they project into the bursal cavity as fatty pads (plicae adiposae); these are wedge-shaped in section, like a meniscus, with the base of the wedge against the fibrous capsule. The fatty pads are large in the elbow, knee, and ankle......
  • fatwā (Islamic law)
    an Islāmic legal authority who gives a formal legal opinion (fatwā) in answer to an inquiry by a private individual or judge. A fatwā usually requires knowledge of the Qurʾān and Ḥadīth (narratives concerning the Prophet’s life and sayings), as well as knowledge of exegesis and collected precedents, and might be a pronouncement ...
  • Faubourg Saint Antoine, rue de (street, Paris, France)
    The neighbourhood between the Bastille and the Place de la Nation, eastward along the rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, has been one of skilled craftsmen since the mid-15th century, when the self-governing royal abbey gave space within its wide domains to those cabinetmakers who refused to abide by the restrictions of Paris guilds as to styles and types of wood to be used. This neighbourhood was......
  • Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Battle of the (France [1652])
    ...launched against the royal government, she took command of the troops that occupied Orléans on March 27, 1652, against token opposition. She saved Condé’s army from annihilation in the Battle of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine (July 2, 1652) by ordering the cannon of the Bastille to be fired against the royal troops. On Louis XIV’s return to Paris (October 1652), Montpens...
  • Faubourg Saint-Honoré, rue de (street, Paris, France)
    ...columns approximately 65 feet (20 metres) high. Its design, supposedly that of a Greek temple, is actually closer to the Roman notion of Greek architecture. To the west off the rue Royale runs the rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. In addition to the British embassy and the Élysée Palace (residence of the French president), it has on its shop windows some of the most......
  • Faubourg Sainte Marie (street, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States)
    ...was the Faubourg Sainte Marie, a suburb lying on the uptown side of the Vieux Carré and separated from it by a broad “commons” (now Canal Street, New Orleans’s main street). The Faubourg Sainte Marie became the “American section” in the early 19th century and the hub of most business activities. Other faubourgs (ou...
  • Faubus, Orval Eugene (governor of Arkansas, United States)
    U.S. politician (b. Jan. 7, 1910, Greasy Creek, Ark.--d. Dec. 14, 1994, Conway, Ark.), as governor (1954-67) of Arkansas, defied a 1957 federal court order to desegregate schools and called out the Arkansas National Guard to "prevent violence" by blocking the access of nine black students to Little Rock Central High School; his action was countered by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower, who mobilized 1,20...
  • Fauchard, Pierre (French surgeon)
    By the 1700s in France, a number of surgeons were restricting their practice to dentistry, and in 1728 a leading Parisian surgeon, Pierre Fauchard, gathered together all that was then known about dentistry in a monumental book, The Surgeon Dentist, or Treatise on the Teeth. In it he discussed and described all facets of diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases,......
  • Faucher, Paul (French author)
    ...as author and artist, in 1931 he gave the world that enlightened monarch Babar the Elephant, one of the dozen or so immortal characters in children’s literature. The next year saw the start of Paul Faucher’s admirable Père Castor series, imaginatively conceived, beautifully designed educational picture books for the very young—not literature, perhaps, but historicall...
  • faucial diphtheria (disease)
    ...primary lesion. The membrane appears inside the nostrils in anterior nasal diphtheria; almost no toxin is absorbed from this site, so there is little danger to life, and complications are rare. In faucial diphtheria, the most common type, the infection is limited mostly to the tonsillar region; most patients recover if properly treated with diphtheria antitoxin. In the most fatal form,......
  • faujasite (mineral)
    hydrated sodium and calcium aluminosilicate mineral that is a rare member of the zeolite family. Faujasite somewhat resembles chabazite in chemical composition, crystal structure, and distribution. Isolated specimens of the mineral have been found in sedimentary rocks in Germany and Switzerland; they take the form of colourless or pale-yellow octahedra with rounded edges, with isometric symmetry. ...
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