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  • red flavine (dye)
    ...the inner bark, which is then detached, ground, and subjected to hot water under pressure. The extract deposits a crude quercetin known commercially as yellow flavine. A second variety, known as red flavine, is deposited when an extract of the bark is digested at the boil with dilute acid. These products are used to dye wool mordanted (fixed) with aluminum or tin compounds to bright shades......
  • red flour beetle (insect)
    ...the inner bark, which is then detached, ground, and subjected to hot water under pressure. The extract deposits a crude quercetin known commercially as yellow flavine. A second variety, known as red flavine, is deposited when an extract of the bark is digested at the boil with dilute acid. These products are used to dye wool mordanted (fixed) with aluminum or tin compounds to bright shades........
  • Red Flower, The (ballet choreographed by Tikhomirov)
    ...roles included Jean de Brienne in Raymonda; Conrad in Le Corsaire; and the Soviet Captain, whose role he created in his own version, in The Red Poppy (1927; later retitled The Red Flower), the first Soviet ballet incorporating communist doctrine. In addition to choreographing portions of The Red Poppy, Tikhomirov staged revivals of La Bayadère......
  • red flyer (marsupial)
    one of the largest species of kangaroo....
  • Red Fort (fort, India)
    Mughal fort in Old Delhi, India. It was so called because of its red sandstone walls, which enclosed palaces, gardens, barracks, and other buildings. It was built by Shāh Jahān in the mid-17th century and remains a main tourist attraction. The fort’s complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007....
  • Red Fort of Agra (monument, Agra, India)
    Agra is best known as the site of the Taj Mahal (17th century), designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. Agra is also the site of the 16th-century Red Fort (also named a World Heritage site in 1983), built by the emperor Akbar, which contains the 17th-century Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid), constructed of white marble; a palace, the Jahangiri Mahal; Jami Masjid, or Great Mosque; and the......
  • red fox (mammal)
    ...all carnivores. Billions of dollars are spent annually throughout the world to manage and control the incidence of this disease. In some countries, abundance of vector species, especially red foxes, is controlled by culling or by dropping vaccine-laden bait from the air. In other countries, programs of “capture-vaccinate-release” are in place to reduce the vulnerability of......
  • red giant star
    A description of the evolution of a planetary nebula begins before the ejection of the nebula itself. As will be discussed below, the central star is a red giant before the ejection. In such a phase it experiences a rapid loss of mass, up to 0.01 Earth mass per day, in the form of a comparatively slowly expanding stellar wind. At this stage the red giant might be heavily obscured by dust, which......
  • Red Gods Call, The (work by Grimshaw)
    ...Pacific and the East Indies and made detailed studies of local legends and customs. She wrote more than 33 novels and travel books based on these experiences, of which the best known is the novel The Red Gods Call (1910). Another important novel is The Victorian Family Robinson (1934), and her travel books include From the Fiji to the Cannibal Islands (1907)....
  • red goshawk (bird)
    ...A. novaehollandiae of Australia, which is either gray or snowy white with a black beak and ruby-red eyes—and several birds of other genera also called goshawks: the red goshawk (Erythrotriorchis radiatus), a rare Australian bird, brown with relatively long wings and short tail; the chanting goshawks of Africa (two species of Melierax), named for......
  • red grass (plant)
    ...variety of natural vegetation. No particular species is ubiquitous, and many are highly localized. Grassveld is the characteristic vegetation of the South African Highveld, dominated by species of red grass. Where the red grass grows on well-drained, fertile soils subject to comparatively light rainfall, it tends to be sweeter (and is consequently called sweetveld) than elsewhere, where it is.....
  • Red Guard (Soviet history)
    During the night of October 24–25, Bolshevik Red Guards peacefully occupied strategic points in Petrograd. On the morning of October 25, Lenin, reemerging from his hideaway, issued a declaration in the name of the Military Revolutionary Committee, which had no authority to do so, that the provisional government was overthrown and all power was assumed by the soviets. The declaration......
  • Red Guards (Chinese political movement)
    in Chinese history, groups of militant university and high school students formed into paramilitary units as part of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). These young people often wore green jackets similar to the uniforms of the Chinese army at the time, with red armbands attached to one of the sleeves. They were formed under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP...
  • red guenon (primate)
    long-limbed and predominantly ground-dwelling primate found in the grass and scrub regions of West and Central Africa and southeast to the Serengeti plains....
  • Red Guide (travel guide)
    ...(French: Guide Michelin) and a series of road maps. The guides were initiated by André Michelin, whose aim was to promote tourism by car and thus to support his tire industry. The first Red Guide (1900), an aid to travel in France, was a pocket-size, alphabetical listing of French towns of interest that were large enough to contain hotels and garages. It included the prototypical......
  • red hake (fish)
    ...but are distinguished by long, slim pelvic fins and by a small barbel at the tip of the chin. Economically important members of this genus include the white hake (U. tenuis) and the red hake (U. chuss)....
  • red hartebeest (mammal)
    In one system of classification, the red hartebeest (A. buselaphus) includes such subspecies as the bubal, lelwel, tora, and Cape hartebeest. It is pale reddish brown with a lighter rump and sometimes has black on the head and legs. Lichtenstein’s hartebeest (A. lichtensteini) is pale brownish with a bright reddish brown back. Swayne’s hartebeest (A. buselaphus......
  • Red Harvest (novel by Hammett)
    ...set in a country house populated by cooks, butlers, and relatives, a pattern that had been slavishly followed by American writers for generations. The first of Hammett’s detective novels was Red Harvest (1929). His masterpiece is generally believed to be The Maltese Falcon (1930), which introduced Sam Spade, his most famous sleuth. His most successful story, The Thin......
  • Red Hat Lama (Tibetan religious-political leader)
    To support their protégé the Mongols sent armed bands into Tibet. Their opponents were the Red Hat Lama, head of a Karma-pa subsect, and his patron the Gtsang king. That phase of rivalry ended inconclusively with the early death of the fourth Dalai Lama and the decline of Tümed Mongol authority in Mongolia. The next came when Güüshi Khan, leader of the......
  • Red Hat sect (Tibetan Buddhism)
    ...was the last secular native ruling house in Tibet. After overthrowing the previous Rin-spung rulers of the country in about 1565, the Gtsang kings allied themselves with the powerful Karma-pa, or Red Hat, order of Buddhists and opposed the new reformed Dge-lugs-pa, or Yellow Hat, Buddhists, who in the 15th and 16th centuries had begun to gain power among those envious of the wealth of the......
  • red heeler (breed of dog)
    breed of herding dog developed in the 19th century to work with cattle in the demanding conditions of the Australian outback. It is called a heeler because it moves cattle by nipping at their feet; this trait was introduced to the breed from the dingo in its ancestry. An active, sturdy dog of medium size, it has prick ears, stands 17 to 20 inches (43 to 51 cm)...
  • red heifer (Judaism)
    in Jewish history, unblemished, never-before-yoked animal that was slaughtered and burned to restore ritual purity to those who had become unclean through contact with the dead (Numbers 19). Certain spoils of war and captives were also purified in this way. After the blood of the red heifer had been sprinkled by a priest, the carcass was totally immolated with cedarwood, hyssop, and a scarlet thre...
  • Red Hill (mountain, Hawaii, United States)
    Haleakala’s western slopes, which are crossed by intermittent rain-fed streambeds, rise gently to the summit at Red Hill, 10,023 feet (3,055 metres) high. The heavily eroded terrain of the mountain’s eastern flank has deep valleys and gorges. From the volcano’s rim, lava poured down its flanks to the sea, following the paths of the Ke‘anae and Kaupo valleys. The crater ...
  • red hind (fish)
    ...to as hinds are in the genus Epinephelus, which also includes many groupers. They are found in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico along the North American coast, with the exception of the red hind (E. guttatus), which ranges from the Carolinas to Brazil. The rock hind (E. adscensionis), ranging from New England to the West Indies, may reach 61 cm (24 inches); the......
  • red horned poppy (plant)
    ...long. The 5-centimetre-long, four-petaled, yellow to orange blooms are borne on 30- to 90-centimetre- (12- to 35-inch-) tall plants with yellow latex and hairy, lobed, fleshy, blue-green leaves. The red horned poppy (G. corniculatum) from continental Europe is smaller and has crimson blooms often with black spots at the petal bases. The common name refers to the small horn-shaped stigma....
  • red horse chestnut (plant)
    ...large leaves, up to 60 cm (2 feet) across. The Indian horse chestnut (A. indica), with slender, pointed leaflets, has attractive feathery flower spikes with a bottlebrush effect. Red horse chestnut (A. × carnea), a hybrid of A. hippocastanum and A. pavia, grows up to 20 m (65 feet) and has flesh-coloured to scarlet flower spikes....
  • red hot cattail
    ...weedy herbs found mostly in the tropics of both hemispheres; and some annuals and perennials, known as three-seeded mercury, are native in the southern United States. Another ornamental species, the chenille plant, or red hot cattail (A. hispida), reaches a height of 3 m and is grown for its long, taillike, pendent flower spikes, rust red in colour. It is native to tropical easter...
  • Red Hot Chili Peppers (American rock band)
    American rock band that combined funk and punk rock to create a new musical style in the 1980s. Heavily influenced by the Los Angeles punk music scene in the late 1970s, school friends Anthony Kiedis (b. Nov. 1, 1962Grand Rapids, Mich., U.S.), Flea (original name Michae...
  • Red Hot Riding Hood (cartoon by Avery)
    ...Screwball Squirrel (1944), and King-Size Canary (1947). A number of his films feature a curvaceous showgirl in revisionist fairy tales (Red Hot Riding Hood [1943], Little Rural Riding Hood [1949]), a paranoiac wolf (Dumb-Hounded [1943], Bad Luck Blackie......
  • Red House (building, Bexleyheath, England, United Kingdom)
    After his marriage, Morris commissioned his friend the architect Philip Webb, whom he had originally met in Street’s office, to build the Red House at Bexleyheath (so called because it was built of red brick when the fashion was for stucco villas). It was during the furnishing and decorating of this house by Morris and his friends that the idea came to them of founding an association of......
  • red howler (monkey)
    Because of their diet, temperament, and other factors, howlers are difficult to maintain in captivity. The red howler (A. seniculus) has the largest distribution, but it is heavily hunted in some areas for its meat. Other howler species are critically endangered within parts of their ranges. The Alouatta genus is one of several within......
  • red huckleberry (plant)
    ...or foxberry (V. vitis-idaea), also known as mountain, or rock, cranberry, or as lingonberry, is not cultivated but is used in northern Europe and by Scandinavians in the United States. The southern cranberry, or red huckleberry (V. erythrocarpum), is found in mountainous areas from West Virginia to Georgia; its large berries are dark red in colour and of exceptionally fine......
  • Red Hugh (king of Ireland)
    last of the old Gaelic kings of Ireland....
  • red imported fire ant (insect)
    ...rests for several days while the queen lays her eggs. As the colony travels, the growing larvae are carried along by the workers. Habits of the African driver ant (Dorylus) are similar. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), introduced into Alabama from South America, had spread throughout the southern United States by the mid-1970s. It inflicts a painful sting and is......
  • Red Islamic Association (political party, Indonesia)
    ...in 1921 at a national party congress, that no member of the Sarekat Islām could hold dual party membership. This led to the departure of the left wing of the party. The latter group set up the Sarekat Islām Merah (Red Islāmic Association), which later changed its name to the Sarekat Rakjat (People’s Association), to serve as the mass organization of the PKI. The spli...
  • Red Jacket (Seneca chief)
    Seneca chief whose magnificent oratory masked his schemes to maintain his position despite double-dealing against his people’s interests. His first Indian name was Otetiani, and he assumed the name Sagoyewatha upon becoming a chief. “Red Jacket” was his English name, a result of the succession of red coats he wore while on the British side during the American Revoluti...
  • red jungle fowl (bird)
    ...see megapode.) Gallus species differ from other members of the pheasant family in having, in the male, a fleshy comb, lobed wattles hanging below the bill, and high-arched tail. The red jungle fowl (G. gallus) is the ancestor of the domestic fowl. The cock has shining silky plumage, red on the head and back and green-black elsewhere—a pattern seen also in several......
  • red kangaroo (marsupial)
    ...per hour; 34 mph [miles per hour]). Research has revealed a remarkable advantage to bipedal hopping. Although at low speeds kangaroos expend more energy than do quadrupeds of the same size, the red kangaroo (M. rufus) actually uses less energy at 10.1 km/hr than at 6.5 and less still at higher speeds. This seems to be related to the storage of elastic strain energy in its tendons and......
  • Red Karen (people)
    ...languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. They are not a unitary group in any ethnic sense, differing linguistically, religiously, and economically. One classification divides them into White Karen and Red Karen. The former consist of two groups, the Sgaw and the Pwo; the Red Karen include the Bre, the Padaung, the Yinbaw, and the Zayein. They occupy areas in southeastern Myanmar on both sides of.....
  • red kowhai (plant)
    genus of flowering shrubs of the pea family (Fabaceae). Its two species, C. puniceus and C. formosus, are native to New Zealand and Australia, respectively. They grow to 1–2 m (3–6 feet) tall and in the spring bear brilliant red flowers (whence the name, from Greek, kleios, “glory,” and anthos, “flower”). The flowers, 7.5...
  • Red Label (record label)
    ...of whistlers, bands, comic numbers, ditties, ethnic routines, and the like. In the first years of the 20th century, Victor and its affiliates raised cultural expectations with its Red Seal series (Red Label in Europe), particularly with discs made, beginning in 1902, by Enrico Caruso. By 1910 the vast majority of record sales—some estimates are as high as 85 percent—were......
  • red lead (dyestuff)
    Red lead, or lead tetroxide (Pb3O4), is another lead oxide whose two most important uses are in paints and as an addition to litharge in storage batteries. It also has significant application in glasses, glazes, and vitreous enamels. Red lead is produced by heating litharge at a carefully controlled temperature, lower than that used for the manufacture of litharge. In this......
  • Red Light Bandit (American criminal)
    American criminal whose writings during 12 years on death row made him the symbol of an enduring controversy over capital punishment....
  • Red Line (boundary, Namibia)
    Spanning the north-central sector of what became the mandated territory of South West Africa, the Police Zone’s boundary (often called the Red Line because it was printed on maps in red ink) extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Botswana in a generalized northward-arcing semicircle. The boundary separated indigenous African groups to the north, including the numerically significant Ambo (Ovam...
  • Red List (international publication)
    Worldwide surveys of endangered species are undertaken by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and the results are published in its Red Lists....
  • Red Lodge (Montana, United States)
    ...is an annual reenactment of the Battle of the Little Bighorn on the Crow Indian Reservation. Rodeos abound, as do square-dance groups, and Montana is a thriving centre for old-time fiddling. In Red Lodge an annual nine-day Festival of Nations, originated to ease tensions among European ethnic groups of coal miners, has become a tradition....
  • red mangrove (plant)
    Mangrove flora along the Atlantic coast of tropical America and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to Florida consists chiefly of the common, or red, mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) of the family Rhizophoraceae and the black mangrove (Avicennia nitida, sometimes A. marina) of the family Acanthaceae. Mangrove formations in Southeast Asia include Sonneratia of the......
  • red maple (plant)
    (Acer rubrum), large, irregularly narrow tree of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), cultivated for its shade and spectacular autumn colour. It is one of the most common trees in its native eastern North America....
  • red meat
    ...to describe the edible portion of animal tissues and any processed or manufactured products prepared from these tissues. Meats are often classified by the type of animal from which they are taken. Red meat refers to the meat taken from mammals; white meat refers to the meat taken from fowl; seafood refers to the meat taken from fish and shellfish; and game refers to meat taken from animals......
  • red meerkat (mammal)
    ...possibly the most specialized mongoose. The narrow feet have four toes instead of five and possess extremely long, tough nails on the forefeet. The animal also has smaller ears and thinner hair. The yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), sometimes called the red meerkat, sometimes shares warrens with meerkats and is intermediate in form between meerkats and other.....
  • Red Monk, the (Japanese feudal lord)
    head of the most powerful warrior clan in western Japan in the 15th century....
  • Red Moon in Her Face, A (work by Noma)
    Noma attracted attention after the war with the novels Kurai e (1946; “Dark Painting”) and Kao no naka no akai tsuki (1947; A Red Moon in Her Face), both of which present a protagonist’s conflict between self-image and carnal desire. The novel Kurai e combined the techniques of Symbolism and the Proletarian Literature Movement, using......
  • Red Mountain Formation (geological formation, Alabama, United States)
    ...seams up to 2 metres (about 6.6 feet) thick in New York; massive iron-rich sandstones are found in Pennsylvania; and oolitic ironstone beds up to 15 metres (50 feet) thick occur in Alabama (in the Red Mountain Formation)....
  • red mulberry (plant)
    A true mulberry has toothed leaves and blackberry-like fruits; each fruit develops from an entire flower cluster. The red mulberry (Morus rubra) of eastern North America is the largest of the genus, often reaching a height of 70 ft. It has two-lobed, three-lobed, or unlobed leaves and dark-purple, edible fruits. White mulberry (M. alba), native to Asia but long cultivated in......
  • red mullet (fish)
    The largest goatfishes are about 60 cm (2 feet) long, but most are much smaller. Many species are edible and valued as food. One of the best known of these is the red surmullet, or red mullet (Mullus barbatus), of the Mediterranean, which was one of the most highly prized food fishes of the ancient Romans. Very similar is another European species, M. surmuletus....
  • red munia (bird)
    (species Amandava, or Estrilda, amandava), plump, 8-centimetre- (3-inch-) long bird of the waxbill group (order Passeriformes), a popular cage bird. The avadavat is abundant in marshes and meadows of southern Asia (introduced in Hawaii). The male, in breeding plumage, is bright red with brown mottling and white speckling, hence another name, strawberry finch....
  • red myrtle (tree)
    ...seven centimetres long, found in New South Wales; the mountain beech (N. cliffortioides), a 12-m-tall New Zealand tree with glossy, toothless leaves about one centimetre long; the myrtle beech, Tasmanian myrtle, or Australian, or red, myrtle (N. cunninghamii), a 60-m-tall Tasmanian tree important for its fine-textured wood; the slender, columnar red beech......
  • Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles (railroad, Spain)
    In 1941 the rail system was nationalized, and virtually all the lines were incorporated into the National Network of Spanish Railroads (Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles; RENFE). There are also regionally operated lines in the Basque Country, Valencia, and Catalonia. Lines generally start in Madrid and radiate outward in all directions. Transverse lines serve the Mediterranean......
  • Red Network (American company)
    ...radio broadcasting network. NBC expanded so rapidly that by 1928 it found itself with an excess of affiliates in the same cities, so it split its programming into two separate networks called the Red and the Blue networks. After the Federal Communications Commission declared in 1941 that no company could own more than one radio network, NBC sold the Blue Network to Edward J. Noble, the......
  • red nucleus (anatomy)
    ...caudal midbrain, crossed fibres of the superior cerebellar peduncle (the major output system of the cerebellum) surround and partially terminate in a large centrally located structure known as the red nucleus. Most crossed ascending fibres of this bundle project to thalamic nuclei, which have access to the primary motor cortex. A smaller number of fibres synapse on large cells in caudal......
  • red oak (subgenus)
    any member of a group or subgenus (Erythrobalanus) of North American ornamental and timber shrubs and trees of the genus Quercus, in the beech family (Fagaceae), that have bristle-tipped leaves, acorns with hairy shell linings, and bitter seeds that mature in two seasons. Black oak, live oak, willow oak (including water oak, l...
  • red ochre
    ...in this life. Other customs, however, indicate the currency of a variety of notions about postmortem existence, particularly about the potentialities and destiny of the dead. Thus, the presence of red ochre in some burials suggests the practice of contagious magic: the corpse had possibly been stained with the colour of blood in order to revitalize it. The fact that in Paleolithic burials the.....
  • Red Orchestra (Soviet intelligence network)
    ...in the last decade of Stalin’s life was remarkable in both its scope and success. During World War II the MGB conducted operations in Nazi-occupied Europe. One of its networks, the “Red Orchestra,” comprised several hundred agents and informers, including agents in the German ministries of foreign affairs, labour, propaganda, and economics. Declassified Russian and......
  • red palm oil
    ...oils. Important vegetable oils include olive oil, peanut (groundnut) oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, rape oil, sesame (gingelly) oil, mustard oil, red palm oil, and corn oil. Fats and oils provide more calories per gram than any other food, but they contain no protein and few micronutrients. Only butter and the previously mentioned fish-liver......
  • red panda (Ailurus fulgens)
    reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists mainly on bamboo and other vegetation, fruits, and insects. Once classified as a relative of the giant panda, it is now usually classified as the sole member of the subfamily Ailurinae in the raccoon family, Procyonida...
  • red phalarope (bird)
    Phalaropes are marked with red and soft gray in summer; in winter they are gray and white. Two species that breed around the Arctic Circle are the red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius), called gray phalarope in Britain, and the northern phalarope (P. lobatus), called red-necked phalarope in Britain. Both species winter on tropical oceans, where they are known as sea snipe.......
  • red phosphorus (chemistry)
    Elemental phosphorus exists in many allotropic forms. White phosphorus is used in rodent poison and by the military for smoke generation. Red phosphorus, comparatively harmless, is used in matches. Ferrophosphorus, a combination of phosphorus with iron, is used as an ingredient in high-strength low-alloy steel. In addition, the many organic compounds of phosphorus have varied uses, including......
  • red pine (Pinus resinosa)
    Elemental phosphorus exists in many allotropic forms. White phosphorus is used in rodent poison and by the military for smoke generation. Red phosphorus, comparatively harmless, is used in matches. Ferrophosphorus, a combination of phosphorus with iron, is used as an ingredient in high-strength low-alloy steel. In addition, the many organic compounds of phosphorus have varied uses, including.........
  • red pine (plant)
    ...fragrant oils are extracted from the trees. The most important timber trees of the genus are the Murray River pine, or white cypress pine (C. columellaris), found throughout Australia; the black cypress pine (C. endlicheri) of eastern Australia, also locally called black pine, red pine, and scrub pine; the Port Macquarie pine, or stringybark (C. macleayana), of......
  • Red Planet (planet)
    fourth planet in the solar system in order of distance from the Sun and seventh in size and mass. It is a conspicuous, sometimes quite bright, reddish object in the night sky. Mars is designated by the symbol ♂....
  • “Red Poppy, The” (ballet choreographed by Tikhomirov)
    ...roles included Jean de Brienne in Raymonda; Conrad in Le Corsaire; and the Soviet Captain, whose role he created in his own version, in The Red Poppy (1927; later retitled The Red Flower), the first Soviet ballet incorporating communist doctrine. In addition to choreographing portions of The Red Poppy, Tikhomirov staged revivals of La Bayadère......
  • red puccoon (plant)
    (Sanguinaria canadensis), plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native throughout eastern and midwestern North America. It grows in deciduous woodlands, where it blooms in early spring. Bloodroot has a shining white, eight-petalled, cup-shaped flower with bright yellow stamens (male reproductive structures) in the centre. The 4- to 6-centimetre (2-inch) flower is borne on a 20-cm reddis...
  • red pulp (body tissue)
    The spleen is encased in a thick connective-tissue capsule. Inside, the mass of splenic tissue is of two types, the red pulp and the white pulp, which do not separate into regions but intermingle and are distributed throughout the spleen. The white pulp is lymphoid tissue that usually surrounds splenic blood vessels. The red pulp is a network of channels (sinuses) filled with blood, and it is......
  • Red Purge (Japanese history)
    ...union movement and the active involvement of the Communist Party at the movement’s national level, the Japanese government and the American occupation authorities launched a counteroffensive (the “Red Purge” of l947–48) to deny union rights to Communist-backed organizations. The newly formed Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations (Nikkeiren) embarked on a...
  • red resin (maceral)
    ...Several varieties are recognized, including sporinite (spores are typically preserved as flattened spheroids), cutinite (part of cross sections of leaves, often with crenulated surfaces), and resinite (ovoid and sometimes translucent masses of resin). The liptinites may fluoresce under ultraviolet light, but with increasing rank their optical properties approach those of the vitrinites,......
  • Red River (film by Hawks)
    Owing to his striking good looks and his success on the stage, Hollywood studios soon began wooing Clift. He turned down several offers, however, before accepting roles in Howard Hawks’s Red River (1948) and Fred Zinnemann’s The Search (1948). Both films were immensely successful and secured for Clift a reputation as one of the most promising young movie actors of his g...
  • Red River (river, Asia)
    principal river of northern Vietnam. It rises in central Yunnan province, southwestern China, and flows southeast in a deep, narrow gorge, across the Tonkin region, through Hanoi, to enter the Gulf of Tonkin after a course of 750 miles (1,200 km). Its two major tributaries, the Song Lo (Rivière Claire, or Clear River) on the left bank and the Black River (Rivière Noire, or Song Da) o...
  • Red River (river, United States)
    navigable river rising in the high plains of eastern New Mexico, U.S., and flowing southeast across Texas and Louisiana to a point northwest of Baton Rouge, where it enters the Atchafalaya River, which flows south to Atchafalaya Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Until the mid-20th century, the Red River contributed flow to both the Atchafalaya and, via the Old River, the Mississippi. ...
  • Red River (river, North America)
    river flowing through the northern United States and southern Manitoba, Can. It is formed by the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers at the twin cities of Wahpeton (N.D.) and Breckenridge (Minn.). It flows northward, forming for 440 miles (710 km) the North Dakota–Minnesota border, before entering Manitoba and emptying into Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles (877 km...
  • Red River Campaign (American Civil War)
    (March 10–May 22, 1864), in the American Civil War, unsuccessful Union effort to seize control of the important cotton-growing states of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. In the spring of 1864, Union General Nathaniel Banks led an expedition up the Red River and, with the support of a river fleet commanded by Admiral David Dixon Porter, took Fort DeRussy...
  • Red River delta (region, Vietnam)
    ...was again exporting rice after years of shortages. Permanent cultivation covers large areas of the country’s lowlands and smaller portions of the highlands. The primary agricultural areas are the Red River delta, the Mekong River delta, and the southern terrace region. The central coastal land, which is subject to destructive typhoons, is a region of low productivity. The central highlan...
  • red river hog (mammal)
    African hoofed mammal, a subspecies of bush pig....
  • Red River Indian War (United States history)
    (1874–75), uprising of warriors from several Indian tribes thought to be peacefully settled on Oklahoma and Texas reservations, ending in the crushing of the Indian dissidents by the United States. Presumably the Treaty of Medicine Lodge (Kansas, October 1867) had placed on area reservations a number of Southwestern tribes: the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, and Kataka. Many braves, u...
  • Red River of the North (river, North America)
    river flowing through the northern United States and southern Manitoba, Can. It is formed by the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers at the twin cities of Wahpeton (N.D.) and Breckenridge (Minn.). It flows northward, forming for 440 miles (710 km) the North Dakota–Minnesota border, before entering Manitoba and emptying into Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles (877 km...
  • Red River of the South (river, United States)
    navigable river rising in the high plains of eastern New Mexico, U.S., and flowing southeast across Texas and Louisiana to a point northwest of Baton Rouge, where it enters the Atchafalaya River, which flows south to Atchafalaya Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Until the mid-20th century, the Red River contributed flow to both the Atchafalaya and, via the Old River, the Mississippi. ...
  • Red River of the South Valley (region, United States)
    ...types of regions are found in Louisiana: lowlands, terraces, and hills. The lowlands consist of the coastal marshes and the Mississippi floodplain, with its natural levees and moderate relief. The Red River valley has a low-elevation relief, with red soils in its alluvial plain and many raft lakes built by impounding water from logjams. The terraces include much of the so-called Florida......
  • Red River Plains (region, Oklahoma, United States)
    The remaining four areas are flat to rolling and are agricultural. The Red River Plains, once the area of the best farmlands in the state, has been depleted by cotton. Its agriculture has been diversified by the addition of peanuts (groundnuts), melons, and vegetables grown on medium-sized plots. Its population is relatively dense, with many small towns serving as trade centres. The Prairie......
  • Red River Rebellion (history, Canada)
    ...had provided refuge to tribes fleeing the conflicts in the United States and were well informed regarding the processes and consequences of colonial expansion. The Métis soon instigated the Red River Rebellion (1869–70); as a result, the Canadian government and the rebels agreed that the latter would have a strong presence in provincial government. Canada’s Numbered Treatie...
  • Red River Settlement (colony, Canada)
    (1811–36), colony in Canada on the banks of the Red River near the mouth of the Assiniboine River (in present-day Manitoba). The colony was founded in 1811–12 by Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of Selkirk, a Scottish philanthropist, who obtained from the Hudson’s Bay Company a grant of 116,000 square miles (300,000 square km) in the Red and Assi...
  • Red River to Appomattox (work by Foote)
    ...(1958–74), which consists of three volumes—Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958), Fredericksburg to Meridian (1963), and Red River to Appomattox (1974). Considered a masterpiece by many critics, it was also criticized by academics for its lack of footnotes and other scholarly conventions. Despite its superb......
  • Red River Valley (river valley, Canada-United States)
    ...of the glacial Lake Agassiz and is the flattest land in the interior plains. In addition to Lake Winnipeg, it includes Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipegosis. The fertile southern portion, the Red River valley, is covered with black clay and silt soils....
  • Red Rock River (river, Montana, United States)
    river, most westerly of the Missouri River’s three headstreams, rising in the Gravelly Range in southwestern Montana, U.S., near the Continental Divide and Yellowstone National Park (where it is known as Red Rock River). It flows west through Red Rock Pass and Upper and Lower Red Rock lakes, then ...
  • Red Rocks Park (amphitheatre, Colorado, United States)
    ...of sandstones northwest of Colorado Springs known as the Garden of the Gods. In the foothills southwest of Denver is one of the world’s largest and most beautiful outdoor amphitheatres, Red Rocks Park. Since 1880, more than 400 reservoirs have been built in the piedmont to store water for irrigation. These sites are meccas for water sports, hunting, and house building....
  • Red Room, The (work by Strindberg)
    ...in divorce in 1891, when Strindberg, to his great grief, lost the custody of their four children. At first, however, marriage stimulated his writing, and in 1879 he published his first novel, The Red Room, a satirical account of abuses and frauds in Stockholm society: this was something new in Swedish fiction and made its author nationally famous....
  • Red Roses for Me (work by O’Casey)
    ...the Gates (1934), followed, in which the modern world is symbolized by the happenings in a public park. The Star Turns Red (1940) is an antifascist play, and the semiautobiographical Red Roses for Me (1946) is set in Dublin at the time of the Irish railways strike of 1911....
  • red rot (plant disease)
    ...of the fanlike tops, is caused by an East Indian virus. Mosaic, mottling or spotting of foliage and sometimes curling, dwarfing, and narrowing of the leaves, may be caused by any of several viruses. Red rot (important in Java) is characterized by red patches within the canes, and is caused by the fungus Physalospora tucumanensis. Gumming disease (important in New South Wales, Australia)....
  • Red Rover, The (novel by Cooper)
    ...Territory, and Mark Twain might ridicule Cooper’s woodcraft, but old salts like Herman Melville and Joseph Conrad rightly admired and learned from his sea stories, in particular The Red Rover (1827) and The Sea Lions (1849). Never before in prose fiction had the sea become not merely a theatre for, but the principal actor in, moral drama ...
  • Red Rum (British steeplechase horse)
    (foaled 1965), steeplechase horse who won the Grand National at Aintree, Eng., an unprecedented three times, in 1973, 1974, and 1977....
  • Red Ruthenia (historical region, Poland)
    ...the part of a state still much weaker than the Teutonic Knights, Bohemia, or Hungary. Between 1340 and the 1360s, however, Poland expanded by roughly one-third, acquiring a larger part of Halicz, or Red, Ruthenia (the future eastern Galicia), which Hungary and Lithuania also coveted. That acquisition marked an expansion beyond ethnic Polish territory. Casimir’s international prestige was...
  • red sable (mammal)
    any of several species of Asian weasels. See weasel....
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